Why the Major Labels Pivoted from Investing in Tech Startups to Old-School Music Companies

The music business is getting back to basics.  

In a few short years, the major labels have gone from investing in and partnering with speculative tech startups to pouring money into regionally focused music companies across Asia, Africa and Latin America. After a brief flirtation with NFTs and live-streaming businesses, anything resembling a faddish technology seems to be out of favor, judging from the deals and partnerships they’ve been making lately. Instead, the majors are targeting old-school music companies that own catalogs and develop artists — and can benefit from the majors’ global network of distribution and other services.  

In 2024 alone, the three majors — Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group — have acquired or invested in 11 record labels, music catalogs and service providers in small or developing markets. The flurry of deals — there were even more in 2023 and preceding years — provides the majors with more content for their ever-increasing distribution pipeline and more international artists to take to Western markets. 

Take UMG’s run of acquisitions and investments in 2024: the remaining stake of European indie label group [PIAS], the remaining stake in the catalog of Thai music company RS Group, a majority stake in Nigerian record label Mavin Global and the outright acquisition of Outdustry, a multi-faceted company with an artist- and label-services arm that focuses on China, India and other high-growth emerging markets. Outdustry will be a division of Virgin Music Group, UMG’s fast-growing distribution and artist services company that includes distributor Ingrooves Music Group and Integral, formerly the artist services division of [PIAS]. 

UMG, in particular, is letting the world know about its intentions. On Thursday (Oct. 31), UMG CEO Lucian Grainge dedicated much of his earnings call opening statements to the company’s efforts to expand into potentially lucrative markets that merited little attention before legal streaming services replaced digital piracy. UMG plans to make “several other investments” before the end of the year, CFO Boyd Muir said during the earnings call. In total, he said, investment spending in the second half of the year will be 350 million to 400 million euros ($380 million to $434 million).  

The focus on emerging markets and artist services is a noticeable change from a few years ago. When NFT prices soared and fans were stuck at home during the pandemic, the majors invested in blockchain, virtual reality and live-streaming startups. Today, as the majors face slowing streaming growth in mature markets and the needs of an increasing number of independent artists, they’re focused on building a global network of service providers with an eye on up-and-coming markets. 

The focus on emerging markets goes beyond acquisitions. In September, UMG launched a new company, Universal Music Group Greater Bay Area, that will be based in Shenzhen, making “the first time a major music company has established a division in China’s Greater Bay Area, the world’s most populous urban area,” the company said.  

Another development mentioned on UMG’s earnings call was GTS, a global talent services business in Latin America. In October, GTS became a standalone company separate from UMG’s record labels. “By separating from our local labels,” Grainge explained, “GTS will now be able to also offer its services to artists outside of the UMG family.” 

Grainge and Muir painted a picture of a global business determined to expand outside of the mature markets they know best and build a presence in high-growth ones. UMG’s competitors — including independent Believe — are doing the same.  

WMG has also had a busy year investing in traditional music companies.  In March, WMG purchased a stake in India’s Global Music Junction (India’s The Economic Times reported it was a 26% stake) and launched Warner Music South Asia in April. Last year, the company took a majority stake in Divo, an Indian digital media and music company. Earlier this week, CEO Robert Kyncl told The Economic Times that China and India are the company’s top markets for expansion. “We’re already doing great in India, but it can be a much bigger part of our story,” Kyncl told the paper.  

The majors continue to buy catalogs, of course. This year, Sony Music purchased Pink Floyd’s recorded music catalog (in addition to merchandising and name and likeness rights) and UMG bought a minority stake in Chord Music Partners, which holds the rights to over 60,000 songs. Expensive song catalogs give the majors rights to assets with long, productive lives. But given the enormous size of these companies, artist catalog acquisitions barely move the revenue needle. A legendary artist’s catalog might cost $200 million but generate a steady $10 million a year — a healthy sum but a pittance to a company with annual sales exceeding $12 billion.  

Rather than pour money into just catalogs, the majors are buying entire companies and building new businesses with growth potential. As Morgan Stanley analysts wrote in an investor note about UMG on Thursday (Oct. 31), earlier acquisitions have had “a negligible effect on revenue and a small impact on profit growth.” But in the future, they are likely to be a more important driver of revenue growth, and Morgan Stanley expects UMG’s financial reports will break out their impact (e.g. reported revenue vs. organic revenue).  

In buying regional music companies and building artist-services business, the majors are also taking a defensive measure. Independents such as Believe have been investing in local markets for years. In 2024 alone, Believe purchased the remaining stake in Turkish record label DMC and acquired Indian label White Hill Music’s music catalog and YouTube channel. Independent distributors such as UnitedMasters, Stem, Symphonic Distribution and Create Music Group have given artists a viable alternative to major label-owned systems. The majors are simply changing along with the market.  

In 2012, UMG acquired the recorded music assets of EMI Music and later sold some pieces to WMG to satisfy antitrust regulators. Opposition to greater consolidation in the U.S. and Europe means it was probably the last acquisition of its size in those regions. (WMG’s brief flirtation with buying Believe in April and May quickly drew opposition from French indie labels.) There’s less opposition to more gradual growth taking place elsewhere in the world, though. The majors are continuing to expand, but they’re taking many small steps, not single EMI-sized leaps — and they’re doing it through old-fashioned music businesses.